Most ecosystems get energy from sunlight. When it comes to energy, ecosystems are not closed. Both the lake and log contain a variety of species that interact with each other and with abiotic factors. It consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and their interactions. The EcosystemĪn ecosystem is a unit of nature and the focus of study in ecology. Eventually, one species would be likely to outcompete and replace the other. If two species were to occupy the same niche, they would compete with one another for the same food and other resources in the environment. This is known as theĬompetitive exclusion principle. Two different species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place for very long. Competitive Exclusion PrincipleĪ given habitat may contain many different species, but each species must have a different niche. These factors also influence the traits of the organisms that live there. A habitat‘s features are determined mainly by abiotic factors such as temperature and rainfall. The habitat is the physical environment in which a species lives and to which it is adapted. HabitatĪnother aspect of a species‘ niche is its habitat. Each species eats a different type of food and obtains the food in a different way. Two important aspects of a species‘ niche are the food it eats and how the food is obtained.

It includes all the ways that the species interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. A niche refers to the role of a species in its ecosystem. One of the most important concepts associated with the ecosystem is the niche. They consist of other organisms, including members of the same and different species. Biotic factors are the living aspects of the environment.They include factors such as sunlight, soil, temperature, and water. Abiotic factors are the nonliving aspects of the environment.The environment includes two types of factors: abiotic and biotic. They depend on and are influenced by their environment. Therefore, organisms are not closed systems. These must be obtained from the environment. Despite their tremendous diversity, all organisms have the same basic needs: energy and matter. The Following are the fundamental concepts and principles in ecology, beginning with organisms and the environment. evolution and distribution of plants and animals, extinction of species consumption and transfer of energy in different components of biological communities, cycling, and recycling of organic and inorganic substances, interactions and inter-relationships among the organisms and between organisms and physical environment, etc. There are certain basic fundamental ecological principles which describe various aspects of living organisms e.g. Fundamental Concepts and Principles of Ecology

It is a major branch of biology but has areas of overlap with geography, geology, climatology, and other sciences. Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other and with their environment. The word “ ecology” (“Ökologie”) was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel. In this article you will read Principles of Ecology for UPSC – Environmental Geography.

Pdf of plant ecology by odum